The ascending aorta arises from the aortic orifice from the left ventricle and ascends to become the aortic arch. Fig 1 - Overview of the anatomical course of the aorta. Lumbar arteries: There are four pairs of parietal lumbar arteries that arise posterolaterally between the levels of L1 and L4 to supply the abdominal wall and spinal cord.Median sacral artery: An unpaired parietal artery that arises posteriorly at the level of L4 to supply the coccyx, lumbar vertebrae and the sacrum.It supplies the large intestine from the splenic flexure to the upper part of the rectum. Inferior mesenteric artery: A large, unpaired visceral artery that arises anteriorly at the level of 元.Note that the male gonadal artery is referred to as the testicular artery and in females, the ovarian artery. Gonadal arteries: Paired visceral arteries that arise laterally at the level of L2.Renal arteries: Paired visceral arteries that arise laterally at the level between L1 and L2.Middle suprarenal arteries: Small paired visceral arteries that arise either side posteriorly at the level of L1 to supply the adrenal glands.It supplies the distal duodenum, jejuno-ileum, ascending colon and part of the transverse colon. Superior mesenteric artery: A large, unpaired visceral artery arising anteriorly, just below the celiac artery.It is also known as the celiac trunk and supplies the liver, stomach, abdominal oesophagus, spleen, the superior duodenum and the superior pancreas. Coeliac artery: A large, unpaired visceral artery arising anteriorly at the level of T12.Inferior phrenic arteries: Paired parietal arteries arising posteriorly at the level of T12.At this level, the aorta terminates by bifurcating into the right and left common iliac arteries that supply the lower body. It is approximately 13cm long and ends at the level of the L4 vertebra. The abdominal aorta is a continuation of the thoracic aorta beginning at the level of the T12 vertebrae. The subcostal arteries supply the flat abdominal wall muscles. The 9 pairs of intercostal arteries supply the intercostal spaces, with the exception of the first and second (they are supplied by a branch from the subclavian artery). Intercostal and subcostal arteries: Small paired arteries that branch off throughout the length of the posterior thoracic aorta.Superior phrenic arteries: Paired parietal branches that supply the superior portion of the diaphragm.Pericardial arteries: Small unpaired arteries that arise anteriorly to supply the dorsal portion of the pericardium.Oesophageal arteries: Unpaired visceral branches arising anteriorly to supply the oesophagus.Mediastinal arteries: Small arteries that supply the lymph glands and loose areolar tissue in the posterior mediastinum.However, most commonly, only the paired left bronchial artery arises directly from the aorta whilst the right branches off usually from the third posterior intercostal artery. Bronchial arteries: Paired visceral branches arising laterally to supply bronchial and peribronchial tissue and visceral pleura.It leaves the thorax via the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm, and becomes the abdominal aorta. Continuing from the aortic arch, it initially begins to the left of the vertebral column but approaches the midline as it descends. The thoracic (descending) aorta spans from the level of T4 to T12.
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